The Android application updates the new message indicator by detecting new voicemail a few different ways.
The FIRST time you view a particular folder (Inbox, Saved, etc) it will go out to YouMail and download ALL of the message headers in that folder.
If you have YouMail TXT alerts turned on, it'll check YouMail whenever this alert is sent to your phone.
5 minutes after you received a missed call (a call you didn't answer) the application checks for new messages.
Alternatively you may manually check for new messages by pressing the 'Menu' key and select "Check Now"
The application automatically checks or polls YouMail every 1 hour. The polling interval can be changed by selecting menu>preferences>message settings>polling interval.